How do you get to know the stars via Astronomy? No, not Astrology! Astronomy!

Astrology and Astronomy are two very different schools of thought. Astronomy is scientific. It is based on facts and qualified observations while Astrology is your regular horoscope. Well, more like it. You see Astrology is not based on science. It is a tradition or belief that is saying that the relative positions of celestial bodies that would include the stars can provide information as to a person’s personality, attitude, and future.

That basically separates Astronomy from Astrology. Astronomy is the branch of science that is focused on studying celestial objects such as galaxies, comets, stars, comets, and planets. It is also the study of the formation and development of galaxies, planets, and other objects outside the Earth’s atmosphere.

Astronomy helps one get to know the stars through its many published and proven scientific studies of the stars and stellar evolution. Studying the stars in Astronomy is quite important to this particular branch of science as stars provide a fundamental understanding of the universe.

Through Astronomy the astrophysics of stars, star formations, star explosions or death, as well as the different positions of stars and how these positions are affecting the composition of the universe are explained and known. It is also this branch of science that has created names for the various star formations currently lighting up our nighttime skies.

Most of us can point one or two star formations that we know the names of. The easiest to spot would have to be the “Small Dipper” and the “Big Dipper”. There is also “Orion’s Belt” if I am not mistaken. These are just some of the many star formations that have been spotted and named through Astronomy that we may get to know the stars up above.

Through Astronomy, we have been able to know how stars are formed and what they are made of. Accordingly, a star formation occurs when giant molecular clouds become unstable, which causes a chain reaction of cloud fragments collapsing. This in turn becomes a protostar. Then when a nuclear fusion occurs, it inevitably creates a main-sequence star. These are the beautiful formations we see at night.

By the way, stars have Hydrogen and Helium in them. Some are actually just made of these elements. Some, on the other hand, were created out of explosions such as a supernova.

These are a few of the things we know of stars courtesy of Astronomy. More wonderful knowledge about stars that we know of today because of the science of Astronomy is out there for the taking. We have books on these, the net for further research, and many more sources. All it needs is for all of us to unravel these stores of knowledge.

There is seemingly a magazine dedicated to every niche possible. The topic of astronomy is no different with more than 1 astronomy journal to become found when searching in the proper locations. Granted an astronomy magazine may not be found in the magazine section on the neighborhood food market or WalMart but most booksellers have at the very least one magazine dedicated to astronomy among the myriad of subjects around the racks.

Perhaps the most common and wellknown amongst magazines devoted to astronomy will be the aptly titled Astronomy Magazine. Aside from being the most popular astronomy magazine in the world this publication has also found new existence with the web having a site as expansive and informational as any selfproclaimed astronomy freak could hope for.

An additional common astronomy magazine is Sky And Telescope. The title evokes related specialinterest magazines for example Field And Stream or Car and Driver. This journal has also identified a fresh home online with sections devoted to beginner astronomy weblogs and photo galleries.

It is sensible that a few of the much more popular magazines devoted to astronomy would by natural means evolve into online communities that end up greater than the initial journal by itself. Room is definitely an everchanging medium. Stars planets and moons are continually revolving and we must preserve up with them. Its only allnatural that something as freewheeling as area can only be properly documented by some thing as similarly evolving since the internet. A monthly publication may well have been great a decade or more in the past but nowadays it could hardly do justice to the skies the way an online journal can.

This isnt to say that an astronomy journal or guide is inferior to the web in terms of gazing on the stars. The stars and constellations on their own are eons outdated and there is significantly to be discovered about them in any book devoted to the topic. In some techniques a book or magazine may possibly be much more useful and useful than a web site when it comes to observing celestial bodies. A stargazer can bring a little booklet of constellations or planets out to the area with him. He can observe stars and refer to them in actual time having a handy guide. To be able to do the identical thing with a webbased magazine 1 would either require a laptop computer which may not possess the battery life necessary to maintain a night of gazing at the stars or perhaps a instead substantial amount of extension cord. Clearly there is space for both online and tangible magazines to coexist within the planet of astronomy.

Whilst there are undoubtedly astronomy clubs that operate on the nationwide level these might not be preferable to these of us who desire to get outdoors and examine the stars with potential new friends. For this reason discovering nearby astronomy clubs is generally a better choice for someone who would like to share their enjoy of the cosmos. Finding an astronomy club isnt a very hard job. Each and every major town and almost each and every small town has at the very least 1 form of astronomy club that may be found with minimum looking. The right instrument to assist you find these clubs could be the world wide web.

You might want to go to MapMuse at mapmuse.com. This site assists you find a myriad of organizations which includes clubs dedicated to astronomy by using your zip code and informing you with the closest destinations where an astronomy club is located.

Sky and Telescope the hugely popular journal devoted to astronomy has a web site at skyandtelescope.com that also can help you to find clubs full of astronomy lovers. Furthermore in addition they assist you to discover museums observatories and planetariums which are positioned close to you. Possibly the easiest alternative is usually to just Google local astronomy clubs.

If you live in a rural area you might be shocked and disappointed to locate that there arent any astronomy clubs inside of driving distance of you. Whilst this may be disheartening do not be too damaged up about this. There are lots of clubs devoted to astronomy which are online and youll still experience a feeling of camaraderie among such a club. If something you might even contemplate yourself lucky that you reside in a rural location with really few individuals. This most likely signifies that your view of the night sky is unobstructed and free of charge from interference by buildings streetlights or other forms of light pollution.

If astronomy clubs usually are not for you you may nevertheless be able to meet likeminded astronomy buffs at your local planetariums and observatories. The evening sky is really a wondrous thing to behold regardless of whether you might be on your own or using a group. It is as much as you regardless of whether you would prefer to share your adore of astronomy with others or regardless of whether gazing on the stars is really a solitary expertise that brings you internal peace.

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A white dwarf is a (dead) star, why is it so hot?

A white dwarf is a stellar remnant and can be quantify as a dead star. A “dead” star is one that has no more nuclear fusion going in it. When a star dies, it leaves some remnant behind. White dwarfs are what the core of a star was once. During a star’s life, nuclear fusion goes on in the core and not in the entire star. The temperatures are enormously high in the core –15 million degrees Kelvin for main sequence stars burning hydrogen, and 100 million degrees for stars burning helium. As a result, when a low mass star dies by cracking its envelope leaving behind the core as a white dwarf, it is very hot at around 100 million degrees.

What happens to a star after they burn out?

Stars more massive than 6 solar masses are likely to supernova; stars less massive than this become white dwarfs.

After a supernova, there may be nothing left, or there could be a remnant: either a neutron star or a black hole. If the remnant is huger than around 3 solar masses it will perhaps end up as a black hole. Stars are smallest when they are burning hydrogen into helium, which is what stars do during most of their lifetimes. After hydrogen burning, a star passes through many transformations. Various parts of a star experience extremes of temperature, density and change. Stars are the factories where hydrogen is altered into the fundamentals that provide us with life and luxury.

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To the Western scholars, Indian Astronomy is mysterious. Let us see what astro scholars have said about IA. 

Dennis Duke, of Florida State University suggests that Indian Astronomy predates Greek Astronomy

“The planetary models of ancient Indian mathematical astronomy are described in several texts.1 These texts invariably give algorithms for computing mean and true longitudes of the planets, but are completely devoid of any material that would inform us of the origin of the models. One way to approach the problem is to compare the predictions of the Indian models with the predictions from other models that do have, at least in part, a known historical background. Since the Indian models compute true longitudes by adding corrections to mean longitudes, the obvious choices for these latter models are those from the Greco-Roman world. In order to investigate if there is any connection between Greek and Indian models, we should therefore focus on the oldest Indian texts that contain fully described, and therefore securely computable, models. We shall see that the mathematical basis of the Indian models is the equant model found in the Almagest, and furthermore, that analysis of the level of development of Indian astronomy contemporary to their planetary schemes strongly suggests, but does not rigorously prove, that the planetary bisected equant model is pre-Ptolemaic” says he.

The earliest Indian Planetary Models are two sets from the writer Aryabhata, both dating from 6th Century AD. 

1) The Sunrise System , after the Epoch, which is taken from the sunrise of 18th Feb 3102 (Arya Paksha ). It appears first in Aryabhatiya 

2) The Midnight System, after the Epoch, which is taken from the midnight of 17/18 FEB 3102 ( Ardha Ratri Paksha ). It appears first in Latadeva’s Soorya Siddhanta 

The Local Meridien is taken as Lanka, Longitude 76 degrees, Latitude 0 degrees.
 
Different equations have been given for superior planets ( Mars, Jupiter and Saturn ) and inferior planets ( Mercury and Venus ) in Astronomia Indica.

In the case of Mercury, an inferior planet in the diagram above, the center of the Sheegra Epicycle is located on the straight line running through the Sun and the observer, on the geographical parallel of the observer.

The above diagram is by courtesy of Jean-Pierre Lacroix and Robert Baywater,www.ancientcartography.net

The Sheegra Phalam, x, in the equation 1/2 Tan ( A -x ), where A is the Elongation or Sheegra Kendra, obtained is deducted from the Sun’s longitude, to get the geocentric longitudes of Mercury and Venus.
 
In the diagram above, the geocentric distance, EQ called X here , the distance of the planet from the Earth is calculated by the equation

X^2 = EQ^2(EP+PL)^2 + QL^2 

or = EN^2 + QN^2 

In a trignometric correction, called Sheegra Sphashteekarana, this equation is given by Bhaskara.

where 

E = Earth
P = Planet in its Orbit
Q = Planet on the Epicycle 
QL = Sin
PL = Cos 

We have said that Sheegra Kriya reduces the heliocentric postions to the geocentric. 

According to this oscillating Epicyclic Model of Bhaskara, EP = R ( Called Thrijya ), PQ is theSheegra Phala, QL is the Bhujaphala and PL is Kotiphala. 

The Hindu algorithms for the computation of mean and true celestial longitudes seems to be totally different from the Western, from the methods adopted by Kepler, Laplace and Co. Hence the Hindu Planetary Model is original and not influenced by Greco Roman sources, as some Western scholars believe.
 
This diagram is by courtesy of Jean-Pierre Lacroix and Robert Baywater,www.ancientcartography.net

We have the Double Epicyclic Model – that of Manda Epicycle and Sheegra Epicycles – in Indian Astronomy, which explain the Zodiacal and Solar anomalies. One Epicycle explains the Zodiacal Anomaly and the other the Solar Anomaly. 

( Zodiacal Anomaly – That all planets move slower at Aphelion and faster at Perihelion.
Solar Anomaly – The astronomical phenomenon of Retrogression. Backward Motion. When a planet changes its course from perihelion to aphelion, it retrogrades in order to gain the Sun’s celestial gravity ) 

Dennis Duke, of Florida State University, says ” We have only to conclude that Ptolemy did not invent the equant. ” If Ptolemy did not invent the equant, as Westerners widely believe, then who did ? 

“The bisected Indian equant model is pre-Ptolemaic’ says he. Other Greek books, prior to Ptoemy, may have influenced Indian Astronomy,says he. Then what are those books, prior to the Almagest, which had influenced the Indian system? The answer is “unknown sources”. 

Remarks Duke ” Indeed, since the very earliest investigation of the Indian models by Western scholars it has been presumed that the models are somehow related to a double epicycle system, with one epicycle accounting for the zodiacal anomaly, and the other accounting for the solar anomaly (retrograde motion) This perception was no doubt reinforced by the tendency of some Indian texts to associate the manda and sighra corrections with an even older Indian tradition of some sort of forceful cords of air tugging at the planet and causing it to move along a concentric deferent . Since our goal in this paper is to investigate the nature of any connection with ancient Greek planetary models, it is only important to accept that the models appear in Indian texts that clearly pre-date any possible Islamic influences, which could, at least in principle, have introduced astronomical elements that Islamic astronomers might have derived from Greek sources. ( “The Equant in India: the Mathematical Basis of Ancient Indian Planetary Models” By Dennis Duke, Florida State University ).
 

Comets are the leftovers from the formation of our solar system 4600 million years ago. They are generally made up of Water-Ice and Rock, and are usually a couple of miles wide. The easiest way to picture them Is like a giant dirty snowball.

Comets are probably most famous for their tails which can stretch back over 100 million miles through space. That Is just over the distance the Earth Is from the Sun! They mostly orbit so far from the sun that they are frozen solid without a visible tale. Its only when they enter our Inner solar system that causes the comets to really come alive. The suns heat begins to melt the Comets surface Ice causing out-gassing. As these gases slip away from the Comets head(Coma), they produce the tail.

Some famous Comets and their orbits:

Halley’s Comet: Orbits the Sun every 76 years.

Hale Bopp: Orbits the Sun every 2400 years

Comet Hyakutake: Orbits the Sun every 20,000 years.

Read more: http://scienceray.com/astronomy/the-mystery-of-comets/#ixzz1EyqaFJTS

Some famous Comets and their orbits:

Halley’s Comet: Orbits the Sun every 76 years.

Hale Bopp: Orbits the Sun every 2400 years

Comet Hyakutake: Orbits the Sun every 20,000 years.

Read more: http://scienceray.com/astronomy/the-mystery-of-comets/#ixzz1EyqaFJTS

STEREO (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory) was launched last October 2006 to provide revolutionary view of the Sun-Earth System. They will capture 3D structure of coronal mass ejections and violent eruptions from the sun. It will mostly helps in space weather detection for the coming of the Earth-directed solar ejections.

The Solar Dynamics Observatory is a more advanced solar spacecraft launched on February 11, 2010 to observe the sun and study the causes of solar variability and its impacts on Earth. It will take a daily detailed images of the Sun by every 0.75 seconds and will send 1.5 terabytes of data back to Earth (the equivalent of 380 full-length movies). It will help scientists understand more of Sun’s magnetic field and how it is released into space as solar wind, energetic particles, and variations in solar irradiance.

Last June 8, 2010, top scientists conducted the The Space Weather Enterprise Forum at the National Press Club, Washington, D.C to discuss the ways how the Earth will be ready for these occurrences to protect the Earth’s satellites.

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Learning about astronomy is one of the most interesting and fascinating scientific adventures one can undertake. While there are surely amazing sights to behold on our earth and in our oceans, nothing compares to the immense, magnificent beauty that is out there in the sky. While the glorious universe full of beautiful stars and amazing planets seems like it would be hard to learn about, nothing could be further from the truth. There are all manners of resources available to anybody interested in astronomy, from magazines devoted to astronomy to astronomy articles and books that are so numerous they rival the stars themselves in “scope” (sorry about the pun).

Two major magazines devoted to astronomy articles are “Astronomy Magazine” and “Sky and Telescope”. These magazines offer beautiful, breathtaking pictures of outer space, and the astronomy articles also inform us about the many nuances of these complex celestial bodies. If you are completely ignorant of anything having to do with stars and how they work, or if you just don’t want to pay for a magazine, there are many astronomy articles available on the internet, free of charge. For a novice, a good idea is to read a few introductory astronomy articles that will help give you a grasp on the differences between the constellations, stars, galaxies, and planets.

Books are also wonderful when one is looking for astronomy articles. Go to any local bookstore and you’ll see an astronomy section chock-full of information you never even knew existed. Once you gain a basic understanding of astronomy and fall in love with the subject, you may be revisiting this shelf weekly as your appreciation of this beautiful field of science grows into an obsession.

The wonderful thing about astronomy is that, whether you are an expert or a novice, you can go outside at any time of night and see the stars for yourself. The night sky means different things to different people, and it doesn’t take a masters degree in astrophysics to appreciate the sheer beauty of the cosmos. One thing is certain, though. The more you know about this complex and exciting science, the more you will appreciate just how insignificant we are in the grand scheme of things. Astronomy unites us all. All of us, no matter where we are on Earth, see the moon, the planets, and the constellations. While we may see different ones, depending on our hemispheres, astronomy is one of the last things that we as humans can truly share.

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